
'^^'^'-^p^^^ 






SCOPE AND PLAN 



SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE 



Hlasscicbus^tts Institute of Ci^tbitologu, 



AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON INSTRUCTION OF THE 

INSTITUTE, AND ADOPTED BY THE GOVERNMENT, 

MAY 30, 186-t. 



BOSTON: 

PRINTED BY JOHN WILSON AND SON, 

5, Water Street. 
1864. 



SCOPE AND PLAN 



SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE 



/ 



AS KEPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON INSTRUCTION OE THE 

INSTITUTE, AND ADOPTED BY THE GOVERNMENT, 

MAY 30, 1864. 





BOSTON: 

PRINTED BY JOHN WILSON AND SON, 

5, Water Street. 

1864. 






The undersigned, the Co:\r:MiTTEE on Instruction of the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to whom is assigned "the 
supervision of the School of Industrial Science, both as to its 
organization and its business-affairs," submit to the Government of 
the Institute the following Report of the Scope and Plan according 
to which this Department of the Institute may, in their opinion, be 
most usefully organized and conducted. 

WILLIAM B. ROGERS, Chairman. 



John D. Philbrick, 
Henry B. Rogers, 
g. w. tuxbury, 
A. A. Hayes, 



J. B. Francis, 
N. Thayer, 
Thomas Sherwin, 
Edward Atkinson, 

Committee. 



SCOPE AXD PLAN 

OF THE 

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE 

OF THE 



It is the design of this School to afford to the public at large 
opportunities of instruction in the leading principles of science, 
as applied to tlie arts ; and, at the same time, to provide 
for systematic students of the applied sciences tlie means 
of a continuous and thorough training in the studies and 
practice appertaining to these subjects. 

In pursuing this object, it is intended to give to the teach- 
ings such scope and method, that while imparting a due 
measure of knowlege, and cultivating the habits of observation 
and exact thought, — so conducive to the progress of inven- 
tion, and the development of an enlightened industry, — they 
may help to extend more widely the elevating influences of a 
generous scientific culture. 

PLAN OF INSTRUCTIOX. 

In arranging the plan of instruction for the School of In- 
dustrial Science and Art, provision is made for two classes of 
persons, — those who may be expected to resort to the lecture- 
rooms and school of design for such useful knowledge as they 
can acquire without methodical study and in hours not occu- 
pied by business ; and those who enter the institution with the 



view of a progressive, systematic training in one or more 
branches of applied science, and who have the preliminary- 
knowledge as well as time for the prosecution of its studies. 

In the former of these divisions, — that of general and more 
popular instruction, — the teaching will be conducted by means 
of lectures alone, except in the drawing-school, and in matlie- 
matical subjects requiring more familiar modes of exposition. 
As it is the purpose, in these courses, to open the halls of the 
Institute as widely as possible to those who desire to profit by 
such teachings, students will be admitted to the courses on 
general and applied science, and on drawing, without a preli- 
minary examination, and subject only to such conditions and 
restraints as are usual in public lectures, or as may be found 
best fitted to make them useful and interesting. 

In the second division of the School, — that of systematic 
and professional instruction, — the student, while attending 
lectures on the several branches, will have the benefit of labo- 
ratory exercises in manipulation and analysis; of continued 
practice in the kinds of drawing appropriate to his studies ; and 
of such prolonged and thorough training in the class-room, 
and by examinations and other exercises, as will give him a 
ready command over the problems with which, as a mechani- 
cian, engineer, builder, practical chemist, or scientific miner, 
he may be called upon to deal. 

To be admitted to this division of the School, students must 
have attained a certain degree of preparation, hereafter to be 
prescribed ; and, after having entered, they will be subject to 
classification and direction in their studies, as well as to exa- 
minations and other tests of acquirement, in the progress 
and at the close of their terms. 



FIRST DEPARTMENT. 



GENERAL OR POPULAR COURSE. 

Tliis department of the School is designed to embrace lec- 
tures in Elementary Mathematics, in Physics and Mechanics, 
in Cliemistry, in Geology and Mining, and in Botany and 
Zoology ; especial regard being had in each case to the facts 
and scientific principles which are of leading importance in 
connection with the useful arts. 

Tliese lectures will be grouped into more or less extended 
courses, as may be found expedient ; and, besides, the ordi- 
nary methodical teachings will have for their object to make 
known new facts and discoveries in the applied sciences as they 
are brought to light, as well with a view of stimulating inven- 
tion as of giving to the public the early benefit of important 
additions to our industrial knowledge. 

In the same department will be included a fully equipped 
Drawing-school, where, in addition to systematic exercises in 
elementary and free-hand drawing, instruction will be given 
in artistic design and modelling, as applied to manufactures, 
architecture, and decoration. It is expected that the drawing- 
school of the Lowell Institute will be brought into connection 
with the School of Industrial Science in such manner as to 
afford to the students of the latter the free benefit of its instruc- 
tions ; and that the subjects above referred to will mostly, if not 
wholly, come within its new and enlarged plan of operations. 

These courses of instruction will be given chiefly in the 
evening, and will be open to both sexes. From the variety 
of practical subjects embraced in them, and the convenience of 
the hour, it is expected that they will be largely attended by 
persons engaged in mechanical, manufacturing, and mercan- 
tile pursuits, by teachers and students in the Normal and other 
schools, as well as by others whose taste and eisure lead them 
to avail themselves of such instruction. 



PROGRAMME OF THE GENERAL LECTURES. 

I. — Lectures and other teachings in 3Iathemalics. 

These will embrace parts of Arithmetic and Algebra, and of 
Elementary Geometry, Trigonometry, and Descriptive Geom- 
etry, with application to business computations, weights and 
measures, mensuration, gauging, levelling, projection of maps, 
construction of curves, problems in surveying, navigation and 
nautical astronomy, principles of perspective. 



II. — Lectures on Physics and Mechanics. 

This course will embrace the general doctrines of Motion 
and Force ; the mechanics of Solids and Fluids ; tlie laws of 
Sound, Light, Heat, Magnetism, and Electricity. Among the 
topics will be, — 

1. Gravity, the Pendulum and its Applications, Elements of Ma- 

chinery, Laws of Friction, Estimation of Work by Dynamom- 
eters. 

2. Molecular Mechanics, Elasticity, Strength of Materials, Princi- 

ples of Framing, Capillarity, Osmotic Force. 

3. Pressure and Flow of Water, Air, and Gases; Canals; Drainage ; 

Mill-wheels ; Turbines ; Pumps. 

Resistance of Fluids, Form of Ships, Paddles and Screws. 

4. Waves and their Propagation, Sound, Music, Musical Instru- 

ments, Voice, Hearing, Halls for Speaking, &c. 

5. Light, — its reflection, refraction, dispersion, interference, <fec. ; 

the Eye ; Vision ; Optical Instruments ; Measure of Light 
from Gas, Candles, &c., by photometers ; the Spectroscope and 
its uses. 

6. Heat ; Expansion ; Thermometers ; Conduction, Radiation, and 

Convection ; Absorption ; Melting, Evaporation ; Steam ; Steam- 
engine ; Hot-air Engine ; Warming and Ventilation ; Manu- 
facture of Ice. 



7. Magnetic Polarity and Induction ; Variation ; Dip and Intensity ; 

Magnetic Charts ; Compass on Shipboard, and its Correction. 

8. Static Electricity, Machines, Conduction and Connection, Accu- 

mulation, Lightning-rods, &c. ; Dynamic Electricity ; Voltaic 
Circles, and their Chemical, Magnetic, and other eftects ; 
Induced Currents ; Induction Coils ; Applications in Blasting ; 
Telegraphy ; Electric Light, &c. 



III. — Lectures on Chemistry^ and its Applications. 

The subjects of this course will be embraced under the fol- 
lowing heads : — 

1. Preliminary demonstrations relating to a few leading Elements 

and Compounds. 

2. General doctrine of Chemical Forces, and Laws of Combination. 

3. More detailed account of the Elements and Compounds, espe- 

cially those which are important in the arts and domestic eco- 
nomy ; including Water, Air, the Mineral Acids, Alkalies, 
Iron, Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Silver, Gold, &c. 

4. Chemical history of the principal organic Groups, — Sugars, 

Starches, Alcohol, Oils, Fatty Bodies, &c. 

5. Chief constituents of the Vegetable and Animal Organisms, with 

the Chemistry of Food, Respiration, and Nutrition. 

Especial attention will be given to the applications of chem- 
istry in the manufacture of metals, pottery, glass, soap, illu- 
minating gas, cements, alum, sugar, &c., and in dyeing, 
bleaching, electrotyping, photography, and other chemical arts. 
The actual process, when practicable, will be experimentally 
shown ; and the suites of materials and products contained in 
the museum will be used in aid of the lectures. As occasion 
arises, examples will be given of such simple methods of 
volumetric analysis, or other chemical testing, as can be use- 
fully shown in the lecture-room. 



IV. — Lectures on Geology and Mining. 
This course will embrace, — 

1. Descriptions of the principal constituents of rocks and the more 

important ores, and other useful mineral products ; with the 
mechanical, chemical, and optical modes of discrimination. 

2. Division of rocks into aqueous, igneous, and metamorphic. De- 

scription of stratified, marine, delta, and fresh-water deposits ; 
and of igneous and metamorphic masses, with an account of 
the actions concerned in their production. 

3. Illustrations of Geological Structure, as seen in flexures, axes, 

faults, basins, yallevs of elevation and erosion, escarpments, 
foliation and cleavage of rocks, &c. ; with the methods of 
determining the dip of strata and veins, and of making and 
mapping geological and mining surveys. 

4. Organic Kemains, and their use in determining the sequence of 

the strata. 

5. Table of Geological Formations, from the most ancient to the 

present time, with a special account of the North- American 
strata ; showing, by the use of maps and sections, the geogra- 
phical position and range of each great formation ; marking out 
the coal-fields, belts of iron-bearing, gold-bearing, and other 
metalliferous rocks ; and the ranges of the granites, slates, 
sandstones, limestones, marbles, and other mineral aggregates, 
which may be brought into profitable use for building or other 
purposes. 



y. — Lectures on Botany and Zoology. 
This course will include, — 

1. An Outline of Botany ; embracing the growth, morphology, struc- 

tm-e, and classification of Plants. 

2. Economic Botany, — plants useful for food and in the arts. 

3. An outline of Zoology ; including the structure, physiology, and 

classification of Animals. 

4. Economic Zoology, — animals useful for food and in the arts. 



In addition to these general lectures, it is proposed to make 
special provision for the more extended and technical treat- 
ment of branches of industrial knowledge not included, or but 
briefly touched on, in the general courses. Such would be the 
manufacture of cotton and other textile fabrics, the arts of 
printing and engraving, the manufacture of paper, &c. ; in- 
cluding for each the history and statistics of the subject, and 
an account of the machinery and processes employed, illus- 
trated by specimens and models from the Industrial Museum. 

All the subjects of this class may perhaps, at an early day, 
be embraced as a distinct and extended course, under the head 
of Special Technology ; in which many of the materials and 
products gathered in the Museum would find their most useful 
medium of interpretation. 

As the courses of lectures above described are intended to 
meet the general demand for instruction in the applications of 
science to the arts, as well as to aid students in preparing for 
a more thorough course of study, they will treat only of such 
subjects as can be readily understood without previous train- 
ing. At the same time, it will be their aim to teach the seve- 
ral branches to which they relate, with such logical accuracy 
and completeness as to give the student a clear understanding 
of principles, and of their application in household and civic 
economy and the industrial arts. 



10 



SECOND DEPAETMENT. 



SPECIAL AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION. 

This department of the school is intended, — 

Firsts For such students, as, by a full course of scientific 
studies and practical exercises, seek to qualify themselves for 
the professions of the mechanical engineer, the civil engineer, 
the builder and architect, the practical chemist, and the engi- 
neer of mines. And, — 

Second, For those who aim simply to secure a training in 
some one or more of the branches of applied science, — such 
as descriptive geometry applied to construction, perspective, 
&c. ; chemical analysis ; machinery and motive powers ; gene- 
ral physics and chemistry, with manipulations ; geology and 
mining; navigation and nautical astronomy; metallurgy of 
iron, copper, &c. 

The entire series of instructions, arranged in reference to 
the above-named professional divisions, offers to the student 
five courses having more or less in common; viz., — 

1. A Course on Mechanical Construction and Engineering. 

2. „ „ CrviL AND Topographical Engineering. 

3. „ „ Building and Architecture. 

4. „ ,, Practical and Technical Chemistry. 

5. „ „ Practical Geology and Mining. 

The studies of each of these divisions are arranged so as 
to extend over a period of four years, including the first 
or introductory course ; but, as students will be permitted to 
enter any of the advanced classes for which they are prepared, 
they will, in many cases, be able to complete the prescribed 
course in three or even less than three years. 



11 



For the first two years, the studies and exercises will be the 
same for all the regular students ; each thus obtaining such 
an acquaintance with the whole field of practical science as is 
needed for a complete and satisfactory study of either of its 
professional departments. 

The courses of instruction in the first and second years will 
be as follows : — 

FIRST YEAR, OR INTRODUCTORY COURSE. 

1. Algebra, Geometry, Plane Trigonometry, Geometrical Construc- 

tions with Compasses, Protractor and Scales, Simple Applica- 
tions to Mensuration, Heights and Distances, Plain Surveying, 
Levelling, &c. 

2. Elementary Physics. 

3. ,, Chemistry. 

4. ,, Astronomy. 

5. ,, Botany. 

6. Drawing, Linear and Geometric. 

7. Practice in the use of the Chain, Level, Theodolite, &c., Sextant, 

&c., when practicable, during the course ; but chiefly in the 
vacation succeeding. 

8. French Language. 

SECOND YEAR. 

1. Spherical Trigonometry, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. 

2. Analytical Geometry ; Elements of the Differential and Integral 

Calculus. 

3. Mechanics and Physics, with Manipulations, to exercise the student 

in the use of apparatus. 

4. Chemistry with Manipulations, and simple quahtative testing. 

5. Physical and Structural Geology; Constitution and Arrangement 

of the Materials of the Earth's Crust ; Phenomena and Laws 
of Structure ; Modes of Observation. 

6. Elements of Zoology. 

7. Descriptive Geometry. 

8. Drawing: Geometric, Perspective, Lights and Shadows. 

9. The German Lansuase. 



12 



THIRD YEAR. 

The studies of this year will be the same for those pursuing 
the — 

Courses of Mechanical Engineering j Civil Engineering , and of 
Building and Architecture, 

1. Differential and Integral Calculus ; Rational Mechanics. 

2. Strength and Strain of Materials used in Construction ; Princi- 

ples of Joinery, — Framework, Roofs, Wooden Bridges, &c. 

3. Investigation of Machinery and Motors ; Elements of Machines ; 

Combinations ; Effective Work ; Dynamometers. 

4. Chemistry and Geology of the Materials used in Construction. 

5. Combustion and Fuel ; Warming, Ventilation, and Lighting. 

6. Descriptive Geometry applied to Carpentry, &c. 

7. Drawing of Machinery, Roofs, Bridges, Buildings, Maps, &c. 

8. Lessons in Photography. 

Course of Practical and Industrial Chemistry. 

1. Chemical Analysis, qualitative and quantitative, chiefly of inor- 

ganic substances, including the volumetric methods. Lectures 
to accompany the laboratory exercises. 

2. Descriptive and Determinative Mineralogy ; Use of Blowpipe, 

&c. 

3. Lectures on Combustion and Fuel, and on Warming, Ventilation, 

and Lighting. 

4. Lectures and Illustrations on Industrial Chemistry ; Manufactures 

of Glass, Pottery, Soda-ash, Acids, Salts, Soaps, &c. 

5. Drawing of Apparatus, Plans and Projects for Chemical Works, 

Laboratory Arrangements, &c. 

6. Lessons in Photography. 

Course of Practical Geology and Mining. 

1. Chemical Analysis, qualitative and quantitative ; as under the 

preceding head. 

2. Descriptive and Determinative Mineralogy ; Use of the Blow- 

pipe. 



13 



3. Lectures on Combustion and Fuel, and on Warming, Ventilation, 

and Lighting. 

4. Historical Geology, — Successive Systems, Groups, and Forma- 

tions, with their leading Fossils. 

Detailed study of the Geology of North America. 

5. Drawing, Topographical and Geological Sections and Maps, Con- 

ventional Representation of Rocks, Coloring of Maps and Sec- 
tions. 

6. Lessons in Photography. 

FOURTH YEAR. 

In this year, the professional courses, becoming more com- 
pletely separate from one another, will be as follows : — 

Course of Mechanical Engineering. 

1. Extensions of the Calculus. 

2. Investigation of Machinery and Motors continued ; including, — 

3. Special Study of Steam and Steam-engines, Stationary, Locomo- 

tive, and Marine ; of Air and Gas Engines ; of Hydraulic 
Machines and Motors ; of Pumps, &c. 

4. Construction and Arrangement of Machinery in Mills for Grind- 

ing, for Textile Manufactures, &c. 

5. Drawing of Machines, Working Plans and Projects of Machinery, 

Mills, &c. 

Course of Civil and Topographical Engineering. 

1. Extensions of the Calculus. 

2. Spherical Astronomy, with the use of Instruments. 

3. Location and Construction of Roads, Railways, and Canals. 

4. Supply and Distribution of Water ; Water-works ; Dams, Ponds, 

&c. ; Distribution of Gas ; Drainage ; Irrigation. 

5. Extended treatment of Structures, — Mason-work, Arches and 

Bridges of Stone ; Structures in Iron, including Girders, Col- 
umns, Roofs, Suspension-bridges, Tubular-bridges, &c. 

6. Drawing : Working Drawings of Constructions, and Plans and 

Projects of Railroad and other Surveys ; Profile and Topo- 
graphical Drawing. 



14 



For such students as desire to devote themselves especially 
to Topographical Engineering, the above course will be modi- 
fied so as to include, — 

1. A more extended study of Astronomy, and practice with Astro- 

nomical Instruments. 

2. Lectures and exercises in the higher Geodesy, including the survey 

of Harbors, Coasts, and extensive regions. 

At the same time, a larger space will be allotted to Topo- 
graphical and Map Drawing ; and the subjects mentioned 
under heads three and four of the preceding programme will 
be in part omitted. 



Course of Building and Architecture. 

1. Extended treatment of Structures, — Mason-work, Arches and 

Bridges of Stone ; Iron Girders, Columns, Iloofs, &c. 

2. Details on "Warming, Ventilation, and Lighting ; and on the distri- 

bution of "Water and Gas. 

3. Lectures on Building or Practical Architecture ; embracing a 

review of the Materials used, their preparation and mechanical 
combination in the erection of Dwellings, Schoolhouses, Halls, 
Courts of Justice, Prisons, Manufactories, &c., illustrated by 
Models and Drawings. 

4. Lectures on Architecture as a Fine Art, with a History and 

Illustrations of the great Architectural "Works of Classical, 
Medigeval, and Modern Times. 

5. Architectural Drawing, — Projects for Dwellings, Schoolhouses, 

Churches, &c. 



15 



Course of Practical and Industrial Chemistry. 

1 . Chemical Analysis continued ; embracing the analysis and com- 

mercial testing of, — 
Ores, Limestone, Clays, and other crude mineral materials. 
Cast Iron, Copper, Lead, &c., and Metallic Alloys. 
Soda-ash, Bleaching Salt, Common Salt, Saltpetre, Gunpowder, 

Indigo, Paints, Drugs, Guano, and other Manures, &c. 
Drinking and Mineral Waters, and Sea-water. 
Coal-gas, and other Gaseous Mixtures. 

2. Exercises in Organic Analysis. 

3. Lectures on Industrial Chemistry ; including the Arts of Dyeing, 

Color-printing, Tanning, Brewing, Distillation ; on the Manu- 
facture of Illuminating Gas. 

4. Drawing; Plans and Projects for Dyeing and Print-works, for 

Gas-works, &c. 

Course of Practical Geology and Mining. 

1. Special Geology of Coal, Iron, Copper, Salt, Plaster, &c., with 

particular reference to North - American localities ; and an 
account of important Mines, Quarries, &c. 

2. Lectures on Mining ; treating of — 

Prospecting, Breaking Ground, Boring, Blasting, Tubing, Sink- 
ing Shafts, Driving Tunnels, Ventilating and Lighting. 

Of the different methods of Working Mines. 

Of Mining Machinery and Motors — Engines, Horses, Pumps, 
Wagons, Drums, Ropes, &c. — for conveying and raising 
the material. 

Of the Dressing and Concentration of Minerals, Crushers, 
Stamps, Washers, Amalgamators, &c. ; and Machinery 
used in the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region. 

Of Quarrying and Open Mining. 

Details of Mining in this country ; with History and Statistics 
of Mining generally. 

3. Drawing, — Plans and Sections of Mines and of Quarries, and 

other Open Workings ; Mining Machinery and Implements ; 
Topographical and Geological Maps of Mining Districts, &c. 



16 



Course of Practical Metallurgy. 

For students who have passed through the third year's 
course on Practical Geology and Mining, and who wish to 
prepare specially for the superintendence of furnace opera- 
tions, and other branches of Metallurgy, the following course 
will be provided for the fourth year : — 

1 . Special Geology of Coal, Iron, &c. ; as in the course of Practical 

Geology and Mining, &c. 

2. Chemical Analysis ; including, chiefly, Assays in the Wet and 

Dry Ways of Ores, Fluxes, Slag's, and of the Metals and their 
Alloys. 

3. Lectures on Metallurgy ; Eeview of the more important Metals 

and their Ores ; Discussion of Fuel, and Methods of determining 
Heating Power and Intensity. 

Metallurgical Implements, Structures, and Processes ; Cru- 
cibles, Furnaces, Blowing-machines. 

Details of the Smelting and Manufacture of Iron, Copper, 
Lead, Zinc, Silver, Aluminum, &c. 

4. Drawing, — Plans and Projects for Cokeing-rovens, Furnaces, 

Refineries, Hot and Cold Blast Arrangements, &c. 



MILITARY TACTICS. 

The regular students of the School will be taught the use 
of small-arms and the simpler parts of tactics ; and, for this 
purpose, will be organized into one or more companies, to 
meet on stated days for military instruction and exercise. 



17 



CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION OF STUDENTS. 

The leading principles governing the admission of students 
into this department will be, — 

Firsts That all persons who are qualified to enter upon any 
one of the full courses, or of the special studies, of the School, 
shall have the freest opportunity of doing so ; and, — 

Second^ That no students shall be admitted to any of the 
courses of instruction who have not the preliminary knowledge 
needed for a satisfactory pursuit of the studies proposed. 

Students to be admitted to the introductory or first year's 
course must have attained the age of sixteen years ; and must 
give satisfactory evidence, by examination or otherwise, of such 
training in elementary mathematics, and in the other subjects 
taught in the common schools, as shall hereafter be prescribed. 

In order to enter the second year's course, the student must 
be at least seventeen years of age ; and must give evidence, by 
examination or otherwise, of such knowledge of the first year's 
studies as would enable a student of the first year to pass into 
the second ; and a like rule will apply to the case of students 
seeking admission into the classes of tlie succeeding years. 

To make the opportunities of instruction as widely accessible 
as possible, students will be allowed to enter special divisions 
of either of the courses after the first year, — as, for example, 
the classes of mathematics, of mechanical construction, of 
chemical analysis, of physics, or of mining and metallurgy, — 
on giving satisfactory evidence that they are duly prepared to 
pursue such special studies with advantage. 



DIPLOMAS AND CERTIFICATES. 

As the diploma or certificate is intended not only to be a 
reward to the student for his diligence and attainments, but 
an assurance to the public of liis knowledge and skill in the 

3 



18 



particular department of applied science to which it relates, it 
will be conferred on such students only as by their exami- 
nations and other exercises give proof that they possess the 
prescribed qualifications ; but all students in good standing, 
who fulfil this requirement, shall be entitled to the testimonials 
of the Institute, without regard to the greater or less number 
of courses they may have attended in the Institution. 

The degrees or diplomas corresponding to the leading divi- 
sions of the School will be as follows : — 

1. The Degree of Mechanical Engineer. 

2. „ „ „ Civil and Topographical Engineer. 

3. „ „ „ Builder and Architect. 

4. „ „ „ Industrial CnEansT. 

5. ,, ,, „ Geologist and Mining Engineer. 

To suit the case of students having in view a general 
scientific education, such as may qualify them to become 
teachers, rather than a professional training in applied science, 
a schedule of studies will be appointed, embracing the whole 
of the first two years' and certain parts of the third and fourth 
years' studies, so as to form a general scientific course ; for 
proficiency in which, the degree of Bachelor of Science will 
be conferred. 

To be entitled to either of these degrees, the student must 
pass a satisfactory examination on the whole course of studies 
and exercises prescribed in his department, including the 
elementary and general no less than the advanced and special 
subjects. He must, moreover, prepare a dissertation on some 
subject in pure or applied science, or submit an original report 
on some machine or work of engineering, or some mine or 
mineral survey, or chemical investigation, which shall be 
approved by the Faculty of Instruction or other examining 
Board. He will be required also to have sufficient familiarity 
with the French and German languages to be able to read 



19 



without difficulty works in these languages relating to the 
sciences and arts. 

Besides the degrees or diplomas covering the complete 
courses of study above referred to, there will be given certifi- 
cates of attainment in special subjects to such students, as, on 
examination, are found to have attained the required pro- 
ficiency in them. Among the special subjects for which such 
certificates may be awarded are — 

Machine Drawing. 

Topographical and Constructive Drawing. 

Architectural Drawing. 

Descriptive Geometry and its Applications. 

Mathematics, applied to Mechanics and Machinery. 

„ „ to Construction. 

Physics and Chemistry, with Manipulations. 
Chemical Analysis. 



METHODS AND APPARATUS OF INSTRUCTION. 

The instructions in this department of the School will be 
given through the medium of, — 

1. Lectures and famiHar Expositions. 

2. Oral and Written Examinations. 

3. Practice in Physical and Chemical Manipulations. 

4. Laboratory Training in Chemical Analyses, Metallurgy, and 

Industrial Chemistry. 

5. Drawing and the Construction of Special Plans and Projects of 

Machines and Works of Engineering and Architecture. 

6. Practical Exercises in Surveying, Levelling, Geodesy, and 

Nautical Astronomy. 

7. Excursions for the Inspection and Study of Machines, Motors, 

Processes of Manufacture, Buildings, Works of Engineering, 
Geological Sections, Quarries and Mines. 



20 



LECTURES AND EXPOSITIONS. 

As a general rule, each lecture will be preceded by inter- 
rogations on the subject of the previous lecture, in which the 
teacher will have the opportunity of re-enforcing the instruc- 
tion already given, as well as of testing the progress of 
individual pupils. 

After the first year, the student will be expected to take 
notes of the lectures as they proceed, and afterwards to write 
them out with the accompanying diagrams or drawings, so as 
to form, in connection with each of his classes, a text for 
immediate study as well as future reference. 

In addition to these notes of lectures, he will be expected to 
study or to consult text-books or works of reference, whenever 
such are appointed to be used. But in view of the value of the 
method of lectures, combined with examinations, as a means of 
commanding the attention and stimulating the zeal of students, 
this method will be used whenever practicable ; and in no 
case will mere text-book recitation be exclusively relied upon. 
Until habituated to the work, the student will have the 
assistance of his teachers in correcting his notes, and in 
reducing them to methodical order. 

As a means of enforcing the instruction of the lecture-room, 
and of enabling the student to acquire facility in the appli- 
cation of principles to special cases, problems will, from time 
to time, be given out to the mathematical and other classes, 
where applicable, of which written solutions will be required ; 
and these solutions the students presenting them may be 
called upon to explain. 

Where familiar expositions rather than formal lectures are 
given, as in many of the mathematical classes and in the 
instruction connected with the laboratory work, the student 
will be interrogated by his teacher, from time to time, in the 
progress of the lesson, as well as at its commencement. 



21 



ORAL AND WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS. 

As frequent and thorough examinations form the best 
means of inciting students to diligence, as well as of testing 
their progress in their studies, and of discovering those 
individual needs and difficulties which the teacher should 
endeavor to obviate, they will constitute a leading feature in 
every department of instruction in which they can be em- 
ployed. 

Besides the daily oral examinations already referred to as 
preceding and accompanying the lectures, oral examinations 
will be held once every month, separate from the lectures, on 
a day set apart for the purpose, at which each entire class, or, 
when too numerous for this purpose, parts of the class, taken 
in succession, will be examined and drilled in the subjects 
lectured upon or appointed for study during the month just 
elapsed. 

At or near the close of each half of the scholastic year, 
viz. in the months of February and June, written examina- 
tions will be held ; that of February embracing the subjects 
studied during the first term, that of June covering the studies 
of both terms. On these occasions, the courses of instruction 
will cease ; and a sufficient period will be set apart to allow 
the classes time for a brief review of studies, and full oppor- 
tunity for the several examinations. 

Mode of conducting the Written Examinations. 

These examinations will be conducted as follows : — 
The students taken by classes, and provided with writing, 
and, where necessary, with drawing implements and materials, 
will be placed at separate tables in the examination-room, 
bringing with them neither books nor memoranda of any kind 
to aid them in their work. The instructor having charge of 
the class will then furnish to each student a copy, in printed 



22 



or written form, of the series of questions which he has pre- 
pared to test their proficiency ; and these the students will be 
required to answer in writing, as well as they can, without 
conferring with one another, or consulting any other sources of 
information. 

It shall be the duty of the teachers to keep a numerical 
record, according to forms hereafter to be prescribed, of the 
performance of each student in the several classes, both at the 
monthly oral examinations and at the written examinations 
just described. These records will form the basis for deter- 
mining the standing of the students at the end of each course, 
and for deciding upon those to whom certificates of proficiency 
are to be awarded. 

Graduating^ Examinations. 

The examinations for degrees will be held at the close of 
the June term, and will be partly oral and partly in writing. 
In the former, each candidate will be interrogated apart from 
the rest; in the latter, the mode of proceeding will be the 
same as at the term examinations above described. In both, 
the questions will range over the entire series of studies on 
which the student is required to be prepared. 

As part of these examinations, the candidates will be called 
upon to exhibit the drawings and projects prepared by them 
for the occasion, and to perform such laboratory manipulations 
and exercises as the Examining Committee may assign. 

At the same time, the theses of the candidates will be 
brought forward for examination ; and, where expedient, their 
authors be called upon to explain or defend them. 

As a further test of their qualifications as teachers of 
Science, the candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Science, 
in addition to their examinations, will be required to give a 
brief oral lecture on such topic embraced in their studies as 
may at the time be designated for this purpose. 



23 



PRACTICE IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MANIPULATIONS. 

It will be the object of these exercises to make the student 
practically familiar with the adjustments and use of the 
apparatus and agents employed in the more important experi- 
ments and processes in natural philosophy and chemistry. 
With this view, the students, under the direction of their 
teacher, will be called, by small classes at a time, to execute 
with their own hands various experiments in mechanics, 
pneumatics, sound, optics, electricity, and other branches of 
experimental physics, and to exhibit chemical re-actions, to fit 
up chemical apparatus, to prepare gases and other products, 
and demonstrate their properties by suitable experiments, 
accompanying these manipulations, when required, with an 
explanation of the apparatus used or of the process or experi- 
ment performed. 

These exercises will be held either in the lecture-rooms or 
in the appropriate laboratories hereafter to be described, as at 
the time may be found most expedient. 



LABORATORIES AND LABORATORY TRAINING. 

The laboratory arrangements of the school are designed, 
when complete, to embrace the following departments; — 

1. A Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics. 

2. A Laboratory of General Chemical Analysis and Manipu- 

lation. 

3. A Laboratory for Metallukgy and Mining. 

4. A Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry. 

While intended primarily for the instruction of the students, 
these laboratories will be used for the prosecution of experi- 
ments and investigations on subjects referred to tliem by the 
Committee of the Museum or the several Committees of Arts, 



24 



including the examination and testing of new machines and 
processes, and the conducting of original researches in the 
different departments of applied science ; and in these critical 
studies and experiments the advanced students may, when 
expedient, be permitted to assist. 

Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics. 

In this laboratory, it is proposed to provide implements and 
apparatus with which the student may be exercised in a 
variety of mechanical and physical processes and experiments. 
Thus he may learn practically the methods of estimating 
motors and machines by the dynamometer, of experimenting 
on the flow of water and air or other gases, and of testing the 
strength of the materials used in construction. He may 
become familiar with the adjustments and applications of the 
microscope; be practised in observing with the barometer, 
thermometer, and hygrometer; and, in a room fitted up for 
photometry, may learn the mode of measuring the light pro- 
duced by gas and other sources of illumination, and the value 
of different kinds of burners, lamps, and their appendages. 

Laboratory for General Chemical Analysis. 

In this laboratory, provision will be made for a complete and 
comprehensive course of instruction in qualitative and quanti- 
tative analysis, — embracing organic as well as inorganic 
substances, — and blending lectures with the systematic prac- 
tice of the laboratory. 

Students proposing to take the course will be expected 
either to have passed through the first two years' teachings of 
the Institute, or to be possessed of such knowledge of general 
chemistry and physics as these preliminary studies are in- 
tended to impart. 

Besides this general and extended course, it is proposed to 
have certain partial courses, in which students having a special 



25 



object in view may obtain instruction of a specific kind, 
without going through the entire range of laboratory training. 
Such would be, — 

1. Exercises in Organic Analysis. 

2. Exercises in Blowpipe Testing. 

3. Household and Commercial Analyses, including the Testing of 

Waters, Detection of Adulterations in Food, &c., Alkalimetry, 
Acidimetry. 

4. Chemical Toxicology, Detection of Arsenic and other Poisons. 

Laboratory for Mining and Metallurgy. 

Connected with the general laboratory, but forming a 
distinct department, will be a laboratory of mining and 
metallurgy, designed for special instruction in whatever 
relates to practical mineralogy, the chemical valuation of 
ores, and the operations of smelting and other processes for 
the separation and refining of metals. 

In this department, students already trained to some extent 
in analytical processes will be exercised in the examination 
and discrimination of rocks and minerals by mechanical and 
chemical tests, including a course of practice with the blow- 
pipe ; and will be taught the several methods of assaying the 
ores and alloys of copper, iron, lead, silver, and other useful 
metals, as well by the dry as the wet method ; of analyzing 
the fluxes used in the smelting furnace, and the slags result- 
ing from the blast ; and of determining the combustible value 
of the mineral or other fuel with which furnaces are sup- 
plied. 

In aid of these instructions, the student will have the 
opportunity of studying the models of mines, and of mining 
and metallurgical implements and machinery, and the collec- 
tions of rocks, fossils, minerals, and ores, with their manufac- 
tured products, provided and arranged specially to facilitate 
his studies in this department. 



26 



Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry. 

It is further proposed to connect with the general laboratory 
a department of industrial chemistry, where students may 
have an opportunity of becoming practically familiar with the 
materials, implements, and processes of the more important 
chemical arts and manufactures. 

In this department will be provided a collection of dye- 
stuflfs, mordants, discharges, and other substances used in the 
operations of dyeing, color-printing, and bleaching; together 
with such apparatus as may be necessary, on a small scale, to 
exemplify these several processes as in actual use. 

Here the student will have access to suites of specimens, 
embracing the crude materials and products of the glass and 
pottery, and brick and tile manufactures, the different soaps, 
soda-ash, bleaching salts, acids, saline products, lakes, pig- 
ments, inks, cements, tanning substances, and other materials 
and products of the chemical arts ; and will be provided with 
facilities for studying practically the re-actions and processes 
connected with their use and manufacture. 

Provision will also be made in this laboratory for the 
practical illustration of the chemical modes of engraving 
and lithography, and for exhibiting the various methods and 
processes of electro-metallurgy as applied to silvering, gilding, 
and the deposition of copper and brass. 



EXERCISES IN DRAWING AND DESIGN. 

The facilities in this department, which are to be anticipated 
from the Lowell Drawing School, when placed in connection 
with the School of Industrial Science, will, it is expected, 
provide amply for instruction in free and general drawing, and 
thus furnish students with a valuable introduction and con- 
tinual help in the special branches of drawing and design 



27 



appropriate to the applied sciences with which they are 
occupied. 

Instruction and practice in this department will form an 
essential feature in the daily duties of the School throughout 
most of the regular course of four years. 

During this time, the students will be carried through a 
course of exercises in geometrical drawing, including the 
applications of descriptive geometry to perspective and lights 
and shadows, to carpentry and stone-cutting, and other prac- 
tical work. They will be taught contour -drawing, the 
projection of maps, the construction of topographical and 
geological sections, and the drawing of engineering construc- 
tions, and of subjects belonging to household, public, naval, 
and ornamental architecture. They will also be called on 
to execute drawings and plans of models representing the 
external and the internal organs of machines, as articulations, 
cranks, cams, connecting-rods, fly-wheels, pistons, valves, 
steam-cylinders, wheel-work, entire machines of various kinds; 
and to prepare projets and working plans of roofs, arches, 
bridges, mills, furnaces, chemical works, heating and venti- 
lating arrangements, dwellings, halls and public buildings, 
and other constructions; such as the mechanician, builder, 
engineer, or manufacturer may be called upon to devise or 
provide. 

In these special exercises, the students will be aided by the 
use of models and large drawings of the various elements of 
machines, of certain macliines in their complete state, and of 
roofs, bridges, domes, buildings, and other works of mechanical 
and constructive engineering and architecture. 



28 



VISITS AND EXCURSIONS FOR OBSERVATION AND 
PRACTICE. 

In aid of the practical studies of the School, and as a means 
of initiating students into the actual details of the professions 
for which thej are preparing, they will be required from time 
to time, in the progress of the course, assisted by one or more 
of their teachers, to make visits of inspection to machine- 
shops, engines, mills, furnaces, and chemical works, and to 
important buildings and engineering constructions which are 
within convenient reach. 

With a like view, and under the same direction, they will 
be expected to spend a part of the vacations of the second 
and third years in excursions for observation and practice, 
extending sometimes to distant points, and so arranged as to 
afford to each class the experience and training most likely to 
be useful to them in their future pursuits. 
. Thus, in consonance with their special studies, they will 
severally employ themselves in the details of road, railway, 
and topographical surveys, barometric measurement, trian- 
gulation and geodetic astronomy ; in taking notes and making 
drawings of such processes, machinery, works of engineer- 
ing, and buildings, as are instructive or remarkable ; and in 
making themselves practically familiar with the working 
details of laboratories, print-works, furnaces, forges, rolling- 
mills, and founderies ; with the methods of geological explora- 
tion, the tracing of veins and beds, the sinking of shafts, the 
conduct of open and underground operations, the mechanical 
arrangements for raising the product to the surface and pre- 
paring it for use ; and, in general, with all the processes 
and constructions appertaining to the practice of industrial 
metallurgy and the working of quarries and mines. 



^' 



r^ 



!tS,!^,!^l O"" CONGRESS 



lllilllllii 



030 008 437 



